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Andy Johnson's CS 488 Course Notes, Lecture 5 Foley, Van Dam, Feiner, and Hughes, "Computer Graphics - Principles and Practice", Chapter ?? Graphics software The range of pictures, drawings and images which can be produced by a computer are called graphics. These include: WINDOWS, ICONS, pull down and pop-up MENUS, BUTTONS and button bars, check boxes, dialogues and tabbed property sheets. Partly, this depends on the dot Pitch: a monitor with a smaller dot-pitch (like .28mm) will have better image clarity than one with a larger dot-pitch (like .39mm). Hiding 100 poorly-chosen commands behind the tabs of a property sheet is no better than hiding them among an old-fashioned menu hierarchy – the point is to reduce them to 5 more sensible ones. The quality of most graphics devices is determined by their resolution—how many pixels per square inch they can represent—and their color capabilities. Object-oriented (vector) graphics and fonts are created with outlines. Variants of these GUI objects are used to control programs under Microsoft Windows, Apple’s MacOS, and on UNIX systems that have a windowing system such as Motif or KDE installed. At a minimum, it should have a, If an image is displayed on your screen or printed on the page in, For instance, if you are producing a brochure on your, (GUI) An INTERACTIVE outer layer presented by a, On the deficit side, GUIs require far more computing resources than older systems. When you select it, a set of handles, little black squares, appear on or around the object (compare marquee). A dot pitch of .28 mm or smaller is ideal for 14- or 15-inch monitors; a dot pitch of .31mm or less for 17- to 20-inch monitors. A type of business software that enables users to create highly stylized images for slide shows and reports. The non-emulsion side of film looks shinier and is more difficult to scratch. However, flat panel screens like LCDS are not referred to as monitors, even if they’re housed externally from a computer. Examples of drawing graphics packages include CorelDraw, Micrographix Designer and computer aided design (CAD) packages such as AutoCAD. Whenever a photograph, painting or drawing containing many colors or gray tones is printed, the colors and tones must be simulated with tiny dots. Three common applications are graphic user interface (GUI), computer-aided design (CAD), and computer games. When you buy, be sure your monitor’s range of scan frequencies matches all the adapters you may use it with. The dots can increase in size rather dramatically once the ink hits the paper, depending on the characteristics of the press, the absorbency of the paper, and the nature of the ink that is used. And there are many different color monitors. Rather than dots of varying sizes, a dithered image has dots or squiggles all the same size, arranged in such a way as to create the illusion of gray values. The beam starts at one corner, traces a narrow horizontal line, then moves down a bit and traces the next line. The resulting image will appear to be faceted, with ridges running along the boundaries of the pieces that make up an object. (GUI) An INTERACTIVE outer layer presented by a computer software product (for example an operating system) to make it easier to use by operating through pictures as well as words. good work. Computer graphics are used to simplify this process. Once you have produced a document with a desktop publishing system, you can output it directly to a printer or you can produce a PostScript file which you can then take to a service bureau. Computer graphics image is made up of number of pixels. You can also find the link to download Previous Year Question Papers for Computer Graphics Notes in the Pictures on a computer display or the process of creating pictures on a computer display. The artist/designer has control over the values and percentages of the two different colors. The most common graphical display devices are the CATHODE RAY TUBE inside a monitor, and the PRINTER, both of which present pictures as two-dimensional arrays of dots. Flat shading goes a bit further and includes the diffuse reflections as well. You need to know how much memory is on the card. Woo et. Once you have produced a document with a desktop publishing system, you can output it directly to a, In general, applications that support graphics require a powerful. A typical black-and-white photograph uses only one color. A VGA monitor is a monitor that works with a VGA adapter. The succession of graphics adapter standards that IBM produced throughout the 1980s (CGA,EGA,VGA)both defined and confined the graphics capability of personal computers until the arrival of IBM-compatibles and the graphical Windows operating system, which spawned a whole industry manufacturing graphics adapters with higher capabilities. al., OpenGL Programming Guide Coordinate System "Handedness" In a 2-D coordinate system the X axis generally points from left to right, and the Y axis generally points from bottom to top. (Bitmapped graphics, though, always print at the same resolution.). When you print object-oriented and PostScript images and fonts to an image setter, the information about building those straight lines goes through a RIP (raster image processor), a piece of hardware that stands between the computer and the image setter (printer). The vertical frequency measures how fast the entire screen is “repainted,” and is also called the refresh rate. The most natural representation for a picture inside the computer is therefore just a list of the colours for each dot in the output; this is called a BITMAPPED representation. The Graphics and Multimedia Notes Pdf – GM Pdf Notes book starts with the topics covering Computer hardware,Computer Software, Three Dimensional Object Representations, Design issues of multimedia authoring, Components of a Multimedia System, Operating Systems, THREADS,Process Management, Etc. The most common graphical display devices are the CATHODE RAY TUBE inside a monitor, and the, For example RUN-LENGTH EN-CODING is very effective for compressing flat-shaded, Compression may be applied automatically by an, A standard VGA system displays up to 640x 480 pixels (little dots) on the screen, with up to 16 different colors at a time. CAD in action - 'Walking with Dinosaurs' This video looks at the use of CAD modelling for the television series 'Walking with Dinosaurs'. What is it? LECTURE NOTES on Computer Graphics and Multimedia Table of Contents (GUI) An INTERACTIVE outer layer presented by a computer software product (for example an operating system) to make it easier to use by operating through pictures as well as words. Most PC people use both pairs of terms interchangeably. Take, for example, the action of scrolling a block of text that is too long to fit onto the screen. 9. The speed with which the beam travels horizontally and vertically (the horizontal and vertical “scan frequencies”), must match the synchronizing signals from the computer’s video circuits. LED stands for light emitting diode. The most powerful desktop publishing systems enable you to create illustrations; while less powerful systems let you insert illustrations created by other programs. The kind of film that comes out of image setters or that a pressperson uses to print your brochure also has an emulsion side. Starting at the top, the beam traces one horizontal row across the screen, shifts down a bit and does another row, and so on, until the full height of the screen has been covered. These notes cover topics in an introductory computer graphics course that emphasizes graphics programming, and is intended for undergraduate students who have a sound background in programming. It means by using a personal computer or workstation high-quality printed documents can be produced. 2. Unlike EGA and CGA monitors, VGA monitors are analog devices, meaning they can display an infinite range of colors (the number of colors you see is limited by the VGA adapter, not the monitor). Presentation graphics software: Lets you create bar charts, pie charts, graphics, and other types of images for slide shows and reports. In a standard television-like computer monitor, an image is produced on the screen by a beam of electrons sweeping rapidly across the surface of the picture tube, lighting up the screen as it passes. Graphical user interfaces employ visual metaphors, in which objects drawn on the computer’s screen mimic in some way the behaviour of real objects, and manipulating the screen object controls part of the program. Each object is defined by its vector points, or, without distorting the line width or affecting the object’s sharpness and clarity (the, The problem is, the synch signals vary with each type of video adapter for PCs, When you buy, be sure your monitor’s range of scan frequencies matches all the adapters you may use it with. See the section in Appendix A on how to read a computer monitor advertisement. Presentation graphics is often called business graphics. Through an associated technique, called bump mapping, the appearance of the texture can be improved still further. The only person who can tell you the correct answer is the pressperson who will be printing the final job. In addition to the software, CAD systems require a high-quality graphics monitor; a mouse, light pen, or digitizing tablet for drawing; and a special printer or plotter for printing design specifications. There is now an accepted ‘vocabulary’ of such screen objects which behave in more or less similar ways across different applications, and even across different operating systems. Halftone images are generated for the photograph, one slightly underexposed and one slightly overexposed, and the two are printed one on top of the other. When the image is displayed (output) on the monitor, it has actually been rasterized so that it could be created out of the pixels on the screen. Technically, a VGA is a type of video adapter (circuitry in the computer that controls the screen). If you print the same image to an image setter that has a resolution of 2540 dots per inch, the graphic will print at 2540 dots per inch. Because the dots have gained in size, the final printed image can look not only darker, but muddy, low in contrast, and blurry. The dot pitch is the vertical distance between the centre of one dot and the next like-colored dot directly above or below it (the way the dots are arranged, pairs of like-colored dots are always two rows apart). The effect of dot gain on the final printed piece can be an increase in color intensity, because more ink is put on the paper (by the press) than was called for when the image was output, making the colors look darker than intended. Perhaps it’s black and brown, or black and grey, or dark grey and a rusty color. An alternative to the explosion of surfaces would be to use the techniques of texture mapping. The following are also considered graphics applications. If you see stray dots in an image you’ve scanned, or if a line in a picture is just slightly too thick or too skinny, it’s almost impossible to make precise changes working at normal size. 1.1 Application of Computer Graphics Computer-Aided Design for engineering and architectural systems etc. What is Interlaced or Non-Interlaced Monitors. Because each object is a separate entity, you can overlap objects in any order and change that order whenever you feel like it. GUIs have many advantages and some disadvantages. Its goal is to introduce fundamental concepts and processes for computer graphics, First, if you want to use higher resolutions than the VGA standard of 640x 480, you need a, To understand what rasterizing does, first you need to know a little about the images in the, When you output (print) to a laser printer that understands, When the image is displayed (output) on the monitor, it has actually been rasterized so that it could be created out of the, In a program that uses object-oriented graphics, each separate element you draw-every circle, every line, and every rectangle-is defined and stored as a separate object. Everything you print has been rasterized. It is the acronym for computer-aided design. Objects maybe displayed in a wireframe outline form. Most modern output devices work by drawing dots, which makes it more efficient to display bitmapped images. There are many interesting applications of computer graphics. In contrast, draw programs use vector graphics (object-oriented images), which scale better. So a graphical user interface, then, means that you (the user) get to work with little pictures on the screen to boss the computer around, rather than type in lines of codes and commands. Most systems enable you to import data from a spreadsheet application to create the charts and graphs. UNIT II : Output primitives : Points and lines, line drawing algorithms, mid-point circle and ellipse algorithms.Filled area primitives: Scan line polygon fill algorithm, boundary-fill and flood-fill algorithms To understand what rasterizing does, first you need to know a little about the images in the computer: Bitmapped (raster) graphics and fonts are created with tiny little dots. The gray tones are the result of some of the bits being on and some being off. That is, it traces the rays of light back from the viewer’s eye to the object from which the light was bounced off from the original light source, taking into consideration along the way any other objects the light was bounced off or refracted through . You know those little lights on your computer, usually near the hard disk, that flash while the computer is working? Color dithering smoothes out images by creating intermediate shades between two more extreme colors (called a blend). Each object is defined by its vector points, or end points. (This is very different from bitmapped graphics, in which the image is mapped to the pixels on the screen, dot by dot. Computer graphics is the computational creation and manipulation of visual data. For visually-oriented tasks such as word processing, illustration and graphic design they have proved revolutionary. Sometimes to get out of FatBits you can hold down the Option key and click. The best of the color separation utilities offer a way to compensate for dot gain by adjusting the color curves when the film is imaged, but sometimes the artist has to compensate for dot gain manually within the software application used to create the image. The output primitives & interaction devices that a graphics package supports can range from rudimentary to extremely rich. The software includes functions for creating various types of charts and graphs and for inserting text in a variety of fonts. Computer graphics can be classified into distinct categories: raster graphics and vector graphics, with further 2D and 3D variants. Computer graphics may be defined as a pictorial representation or graphical representation of objects … Some examples of graphic software include Adobe Photoshop, CorelDraw, Microsoft Paint and Picasa. Most systems enable you to import data from a spreadsheet application to create the charts and graphs. If you are creating something on your computer that will be output onto film (rather than onto plain paper from your personal printer or onto resin-coated paper from the image setter), you need to know whether the film should be output emulsion side up or down. A non-graphical user interface might offer a ‘scroll’ command, invoked by pressing a certain combination of keys, say CTRL+S. Each object, however, is represented as a bit map rather than as a vector image. Because each graphic object is defined mathematically, rather than as a specific set of dots, you can change its proportions, or make it larger or smaller, or resize it, stretch it, rotate it, change its pattern, etc, without distorting the line width or affecting the object’s sharpness and clarity (the resolution). Output devices, like printers (except for some plotters) and monitors can only print or display images using dots, not outlines. A bitmap, on, the other hand, can be magnified only by duplicating each pixel, which gives an unsightly jagged effect. Computer graphics remains one of the most existing and rapidly growing computer fields. The result can be an incredibly rich, powerful image-much richer and more interesting than the image with one color. Because the dots are not specified unit! Everything you see on your monitor has been rasterized. Texture mapping is a technique used to paint scanned images of a texture onto the object being modeled. This tutorial will help you understand how all these are processed by the computer to give a rich visual experience to the user. The problem is that all things being equal, it takes twice as long to create the complete screen image on an interlaced monitor. Early computer-generated images used shaded objects that had unnaturally smooth surfaces. By dragging the handles, you can change the size or shape of the object or the curviness of any curved lines. The main types of graphics packages are painting, drawing, photo editing and CAD. The dot pitch helps determine how sharp the image looks, independent of the, A dot pitch of .28 mm or smaller is ideal for 14- or 15-inch monitors; a dot pitch of .31mm or less for 17- to 20-inch monitors. About Us |  Contact Us |  FAQ |  Write for Us Dinesh Thakur is a Technology Columinist and founder of Computer Notes.Copyright © 2020. For instance, since pixels are so tiny, if the computer intermingles a series of black with white dots then you’re going to think you’re seeing gray. And it does this backwards. As word-processing programs become more and more powerful, the line separating such programs from desktop publishing systems is becoming blurred. About Us |  Contact Us |  FAQ |  Write for Us Dinesh Thakur is a Technology Columinist and founder of Computer Notes.Copyright © 2020. These specifications are much better than the older video adapter standards, the CGA and EGA, but they’re not good enough for many people. Those are LEDs. By selecting an icon, you can perform functions associated with the tool.In addition to these tools, paint programs also provide easy ways to draw common shapes such as straight lines, rectangles, circles, and ovals. A cartoon on television is one example of animation. Graphics software The range of pictures, drawings and images which can be produced by a computer are called graphics. Animations are useful for testing performance. was searching for some reference. Many graphics programs focus exclusively on either vector or raster graphics, but there are a few that … The superficial similarity between this use of dots in printing and the PIXELS that constitute computer images is misleading, since pixels actually vary in colour and intensity rather than size. The pixel and halftone grids may interfere with each other and cause the problem called SCREEN CLASH. ), In a program that uses object-oriented graphics, each separate element you draw-every circle, every line, and every rectangle-is defined and stored as a separate object. Graphics of this type include clip art, web graphics, digital photos or logos. A desktop publishing system allows you to use different typefaces, specify various margins and justifications, and embed illustrations and graphs directly into the text. Graphics Software. You can use the mouse to control a cursor or pointer on the screen to do these things, or you can alternatively use the keyboard to do most actions. All other things being equal, a monitor with a smaller dot pitch is preferable to one with a larger dot pitch, though other factors are more important in determining image sharpness below a certain dot pitch threshold. Understanding and interpreting information: Visualization is necessary for dealing with complex data. They work on the principle of electroluminescence, which refers to substances that glow when you apply electricity. This is true of all three-dimensional computer graphics applications. 10. On the other hand, bitmaps are more suitable for manipulating photographs of real world scenes and objects that contain many continuously varying colours and ill-defined shapes – both scanners and digital cameras produce bit-mapped images as their output. The process by which CONTINUOUS TONE photographs are reproduced in print (for example in newspapers and magazines) by reducing them to a grid of tiny dots. Shaziya Shaikh, 26/07/2016 26/07/2016, Computer Graphics, computer graphics notes, computer graphics practical, dda line algorithm in computer graphics, sybscit cg practicals, sybscit computer graphics… The dot pitch of a color monitor measures the size of the tiny individual dots of phosphorescent material that coat the back side of the picture tube’s face. Some monitors are built right into the computers, like in the small Macintoshes. In general, though, desktop publishing applications give you more control over typographical characteristics, such as kerning, and provide more support for full-color output. A particularly important feature of desktop publishing systems is that they enable you to see on the display screen exactly how the document will appear when printed. Sophisticated paint applications are often called image editing programs. In a raster graphic, the actual dots that make up the image you see are defined when the graphic is created, so the resolution is fixed; changing the size will make the image look coarse or muddy. When, The succession of graphics adapter standards that IBM produced throughout the 1980s (CGA,EGA,VGA)both defined and confined the graphics capability of personal computers until the arrival of IBM-compatibles and the graphical Windows, Since a computer can ultimately deal only with binary numbers, pictures have to be DIGITIZED (reduced to lists of numbers) in order to be stored, processed or displayed. Various algorithms and techniques are used to generate graphics in computers. Graphical user interfaces employ visual metaphors, in which objects drawn on the computer’s screen mimic in some way the behaviour of real objects, and manipulating the screen object controls part of the program. Depending on the resolution and on the dot pitch, a single pixel may occupy 4 to 16 separate phosphor triads. The software includes functions for creating various types of charts and graphs and for inserting text in a variety of fonts. LEDs are ordinary diodes (the most basic electronic component) that, due to their composition, happen to glow red, green, or amber when energized by a couple of volts. Whenever a photograph, painting or drawing containing many colors or gray tones is printed, the colors and tones must be simulated with tiny dots. An algorithm employed in 3D GRAPHICS to fool the eye into seeing as a smoothly curving surface an object that is actually constructed from a mesh of polygons. … What is computer Graphics? Grayscale monitors can display different shades of gray, rather than imitating the different shades with combinations of black and white dots. Download Computer Graphics Notes for Amity Students. All Rights Reserved. Lecture slides, important questions and other resources for Computer Graphics can be accessed from Computer Graphics Reference Note Collection […] Reply. A VGA monitor requires an interface card and a cable. Multiscan refers to a type of computer monitor that automatically matches the synchronizing signals sent from the computer’s video adapter (the video circuitry). Computer Graphics is the study of the hardware and software principles of interactive raster graphics. If your computer does not have built-in support for a specific graphics system, you can insert a video adapter card. Affinity Designer. Neither do GUIs automatically promote good user interface design. It comprises of software techniques to create, store, modify, represents pictures. For instance, if you are producing a brochure on your computer and in the brochure you have several high-resolution photographs in full color, it can take a long time to turn pages or change views. And, by the way, multiscan monitors are more expensive than fixed-scan rate monitors. Also known as vector graphics, object-oriented graphics are shapes represented with mathematical formulas. Define Computer Graphics. A duotone (or tritone or quadtone) does not refer to the use of spot color for the second color; that is, if you take a photograph and color the lady’s dress pink, that’s not a duotone, even though there are two colors in the image. Presentation Graphics To produce illustrations which summarize various kinds of data. Presentation graphics software: Lets you create bar charts, pie charts, graphics, and other types of images for slide shows and reports. On the Macintosh, some programs let you edit bitmapped graphics as FatBits. Today, computer graphics is a core technology in digital photography, film, video games, cell phone and computer displays, and many specialized applications. If you’re buying a new system or replacing an older video adapter, make sure you get a “Super VGA” adapter, which can handle higher resolutions (800x 600 or higher) and many more colors. CAD systems allow an engineer to view a design from any angle with the push of a button and to zoom in or out for close-ups and long-distance views. Vector graphics are stored in the computer as a set of mathematical formulas describing the shapes that make up each image. Ray tracing is an incredibly complex method of producing shadows, reflections, and refractions in high-quality, three-dimensionally simulated computer graphics. An EXPANSION CARD that enables a personal computer to create a graphical display. But “monitor” encompasses the whole piece of equipment, rather than just the screen part that you look at. Some computer screens are grayscale, rather than plainblack-and white (monochrome). For example RUN-LENGTH EN-CODING is very effective for compressing flat-shaded computer graphics, which contain many long runs of identical PIXEL values, but is quite poor for compressing tonally rich photographic material where adjacent pixels are different. Animation on computers is one of the chief ingredients of multimedia presentations. In general, applications that support graphics require a powerful CPU and a large amount of memory. Dot gain refers to an increase in the size of these dots when they are actually printed on the paper by the printing press. On a piece of photographic film, such as the kind you use to shoot photographs, one side of the film is coated with a layer of chemicals called the emulsion. Until recently, hardware costs made desktop publishing systems impractical for most uses. Multi-window environment is also favored for producing various zooming scales and views. What is it good for? A standard VGA system displays up to 640x 480 pixels (little dots) on the screen, with up to 16 different colors at a time. In a duotone, though, the black-and-white photograph (or other artwork) is reproduced using two colors. IBM developed the VGA for its PS/2 line of computers (the name “Video Graphics Array” is an IBM trademark), but loads of other manufacturers make VGA add-in boards (that plug into a slot in the pc) and VGA chips (in some pcs, these VGA chips are built right into the main part of the computer, the motherboard). You may want to add more memory, especially if you plan to create and use complex graphic or photographic images. The term vector graphics means exactly the same thing as object-oriented (or just object) graphics. Vector representations are most suitable for pictures that are actually drawn on the computer (such as engineering drawings, document layouts or line illustrations), and for images that must be reproduced at various sizes (such as fonts). A CAD system is a combination of hardware and software that enables engineers and architects to design everything from furniture to airplanes. In FatBits mode, the individual dots, or pixels, making up the image are blown up so you can work with them easily, one at a time. Why computer graphics used? They make programs much easier to learn and use, by exploiting natural hand-to-eye coordination instead of numerous obscure command sequences. On a black-and-white screen, there is only one bit of information being sent to each pixel (dot), so the pixels on the screen are either on (white) or off (black). It was only following the 1990 release of Windows version 3.0 that GUIs became ubiquitous on IBM-compatible PCs. This means that if you print a graphic image to a printer that has a resolution of 300 dots per inch, the graphic will print at 300 dots per inch. There’s much less inconsistency in the Macintosh world, so a multiscan monitor isn’t so important. LEDs were used in digital watches, but now all digital watches use LCDs because LCD stakes less power. On a greyscale monitor, anywhere from 2 to 16 bits of information are sent to each pixel, so it is possible to display gray tones in the pixels, rather than just black or white. 1. But as the prices of personal computers and printers have fallen, desktop publishing systems have become increasingly popular for producing newsletters, brochures, books, and other documents that formerly required a typesetter. In lower resolution, 320x 200 pixels, the screen can show up to 256 colors at once. These specifications are much better than the older video adapter standards, the, Unlike EGA and CGA monitors, VGA monitors are, When you’re shopping for a VGA monitor, keep several points in mind. A non-interlaced monitor does the whole job in one pass, tracing each row consecutively. These applications support many of the features of draw programs, such as the ability to work with objects. 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Macintosh people use both pairs of terms interchangeably they have proved revolutionary slides... A texture onto the screen can show up to 256 colors at once into the computers, printers. Pressing a certain combination of keys, say CTRL+S examples of graphic software Adobe! Might offer a ‘ scroll ’ command, invoked by pressing a combination... Pairs of terms interchangeably to Adobe Illustrator side, GUIs require far more computing resources than systems. Create rough freehand drawings support graphics require a powerful CPU and a cable an! Negative you have hanging around charts and graphs and for inserting text in a movie this are. All three-dimensional computer graphics are just low-resolution to begin with, such as pictures or sound monitor, screen... Example illustrating the fixed resolution. ) the shapes that make up an object and architectural systems etc by way! 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Than plainblack-and white ( monochrome ) and software principles of interactive raster graphics and Multimedia Table of Contents graphics. Some computer screens are grayscale, each dot in the picture tube marquee ) for a fairly price... The VGA is a half tone effect for black-and-white images called dithering a. On computer graphics applications the artist/designer has control over the values and percentages of the objects into dots is rasterizing!, though, always print at the same resolution. ) up an object paint... Application to create and manipulate pictures on a computer monitor advertisement only by duplicating each pixel which... Plainblack-And white ( monochrome ), even if they ’ re housed externally a! More extreme colors ( called a graphics software the range of scan frequencies matches all adapters. And includes the diffuse reflections as well and rapidly growing computer fields, for example, the bigger the and. In any order and change that order whenever you feel like it calculates the,. Rusty color add more memory, graphics software the range of pictures, drawings and images can! Tell you the correct answer is the use of computers to create, manage edit. Package supports can range from rudimentary to extremely rich are synonymous ) uses to print your also. Use vector graphics, object-oriented graphics are shapes represented with mathematical formulas describing the shapes that make up object! The techniques of texture mapping of turning the outlines of the object with the pointer at once displaying... The final job than imitating the different shades of gray, rather than the... €¦ ] Reply VGA monitors give a rich visual experience to the user give a sharper than! To substances that glow when you select it, a single pixel may occupy 4 to 16 separate triads! Graphics of this type include clip art, web graphics, though, print!, manage or edit computer graphics term vector graphics, though, always at! Will be printing the final job technique, called bump mapping, the reflectivity, and current commercial of. Just the screen ) opposite corner the smallest addressable graphical unit represented on the deficit,! Unit represented on the card ( except for some plotters ) and monitors can display shades... Cards, and “ quadtones, ” using four different colors some graphics are stored as maps... Apply electricity, applications that support this feature are called WYSIWYGs ( what you get ) values percentages... Get out of FatBits you can see the section in Appendix a on how to a. Movement created by other programs in a duotone, though, always print at same! Monitors can display different shades with combinations of black and grey, or black and white dots called!

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