Ruthenium crystallizes in the hexagonal close-packed … It is greyish-white in color and a member of the platinum family. What's in a name? En.wikipedia.org Ruthenium is a chemical element with the symbol Ru and atomic number 44. Ruthenium (Ru), chemical element, one of the platinum metals of Groups 8–10 (VIIIb), Periods 5 and 6, of the periodic table, used as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium.Silver-gray ruthenium metal looks like platinum but is rarer, harder, and more brittle. He grew up a curious and industrious boy with an aptitude for painting. At that stage, however, he did not know the characteristics of the latter. Nobody knows. As before, he worked alone on the new material treating the samples with reagents and systematically studied the resultant sediments, filtrates and residues; he then repeated his investigations and compared the various batches. For a century this was a standardtextbook on the subject for scientists, and supported the revival and development of the Russian and Soviet School of Platinum Metals by L. A. Chugaev and 1.1. These alloys are used in jewelry and in electrical contacts that must resist wear. At that time platinum was of much interest in Russia and personal contacts between Klaus and Sobolevsky would have facilitated discussions of the many scientific and technical problems associated with platinum, rhodium, iridium and osmium. From then on Klaus took a serious interest in the study of the platinum metals. In 1815 Klaus passed the examination for pharmacist's assistant, first class, at the famous Medical Surgical Academy. He became a corresponding member of the Medical Surgical Academy in 1850 and of the Academy of Sciences of Petersburg in 1861. Ruthenium atoms have 44 electrons and the shell structure is 2.8.18.15.1. For questions about this page, please contact Steve Gagnon. Like other metals of platinum group, it is inert to most other chemicals. Matthey,a devotee of the method of fusion, also had to recognise that this method could not be used in the case of platinum ore”, while on parting “Mr. Sniadecki discovered element 44 in 1808 while working with platinum ores from South America. Here he was in charge of analytical chemistry. The scheme of extracting ruthenium from the “poor residuum”,according to which Klausextracted6 g of metallic ruthenium;*is the chemical form of ruthenium, as known today. Indeed, on account of his activity, a former student regarded him as quite a young man (14).Hedevoted himself totally to his labours but suffered greatly from the “endless work in the dense andharmful atmosphere” caused by osmium tetroxide fumes. It is the 44th element on the periodic table and is represented by the symbol Ru. Mendeleev formulated his Periodic Law in 1871 in the “Bases of Chemistry” and in a chapter on “Platinum and its associates” a sectionwas devoted to “Ruthenium and osmium anhydride” (35). Ruthenium tends to occur along with deposits of platinum and is primarily obtained as a byproduct of mining and refining platinum. It is interesting to note that in 1838 the Academy of Sciences awarded K. H. Gebel and Klaus the most prestigious Russian prize for the natural sciences - the Demidov Prize - for their investigations of the flora of the steppes during their 1834 expedition. However, Klaus was more interestedin the chemical characteristics of fusion, that is, the behaviour of the platinum metals and their admixtures during melting. Evidently Klaus, perhaps with the help of Sobolevsky, met Count Egor Frantsevitch Kankrin (1775-1845) the Minister of Finance and obtained support for his research work. His method was based upon the precipitation of double salts of ruthenium and the precipitation of ruthenium from its chloride solution by zinc. Klaus visited factories, mines, and gold and platinum placer deposits. Home > Journal Archive > The Discovery of Ruthenium. Ruthenium is a hard, metallic, chemical element that is commonly found as a rare earth metal. In 1898, English chemist Morris W. Travers and Scottish chemist William Ramsay discovered this all-important chemical element in the City of London in England. Thus, Klaus was not only an outstanding experimenter working in breadth, but also a perspicacious scientist, simultaneously investigating topics in depth. Discovered by. He had isolated the metal from platinum residues while working at Kazan University. At this time Klaus was forty-six, an age when the creative work curve of many scientists may have reached a plateau, but he was only at the threshold of his creativity. While there he met former colleagues, visited a number of laboratories and the Mint, where two tons of platinum were processed into coins every year. Ramsay chilled an atmosphere sample, which he then liquefied and … WHO Regional websites. After the platinum had been extracted, however, the insoluble residues, containing the other platinoids, were accumulated without being used. It was discovered in 1844 and is found in ores that contain other metals from the platinum group. and only in 1846 did he receive a Demidov prize, for his ruthenium work. Klaus was well informed about this and also knew about the smelting work carried outby 1.1. Discovered in 1844, the chemical element Ruthenium (symbol Ru, atomic number 44) is a transitional metal belonging to the platinum group on the periodic table. . Thus Klaus became more knowledgeable about fusion furnaces, laboratories and the methods used to analyse the platinum metals. The Minister supported Klaus who was given 8 kg of residue, 100 g of native platinum and the sum of 300 roubles on condition that he would report the results of his work, and return the extracted metals, a year later, see the Scheme. Ruthenium is a hard, white metal. Besides studying the characteristics of ruthenium, Klaus conducted a wide ranging investigation of rhodium, iridium, … He discovered titanium while conducting a chemical analysis of the mineral ilmenite and found an unknown substance in the mineral. His knowledge, integrity and the wide choice of drugs and herbs he supplied ensured that his pharmacy gained a high repu-tation. Greatly encouraged, Klaus returned home in August, but a major fire in the city affected his laboratory so badly that he was unable to restart his work until the following Spring. The Deville and Debray method of fusing platinum was started between 1857 and 1859 and appeared to offer an opportunity of manufacturing platinum articles more readily than the established “wet” methods of consolidation. But evidence suggests that copper was the first metal ever discovered and used by man. Ruthenium is chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. To everybody’s surprise Klaus died of pneumonia on March 12th. He was able to obtain 6 grams of the metal from crude platinum. During discussions with George Matthey, Klaus expressed his doubts about the suitability of the fusion method for processing virgin platinum or platinum residues because they include much rhodium and iridium. In 1844 Karl Karlovitch Klaus, then an unknown professor at the University of Kazan, reported his discovery of a new platinum metal which he named ruthenium, afer Ruthenia, the latinised name for Russia. K. K. Klaus 1796–1864 Besides his discovery of ruthenium, the sixth platinum group element, Klaus also carried out significant research on rhodium, iridium and osmium. The residue he had obtained from Sobolevsky contained “in addition to 10% of platinum, quite a lot of iridium, osmium, some palladium and … a new body” (15). His monograph of scientific descriptions of thousands of plants, including eight species that he discovered, was first published in German and later in Russian (36). Aside from neon, they were also credited for discovering krypton and xenon. The leading ruthenium … Such talksprobably influenced the decision of Klaus to involve himself in further work with these metals. The element name comes from the Latin word ‘Ruthenia’.Ruthenia means Russia, which refers to the Ural Mountains of Russia, the original source of the platinum metal group ores. This time, the discoverer was Ru… They were later published (17–19). Besides studying the characteristics of ruthenium, Klaus conducted a wide ranging investigation of rhodium, iridium, osmium, and to a lesser extent, palladium and platinum. The characteristics of metallic ruthenium and its compounds are first described. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table.Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. Small amounts of ruthenium are added to platinum and palladium to strengthen them. From the mid-1850s Klaus began to work on a “complete monograph on platinum metals” with sections on their history, chemistry, analysis and metallurgy. “my aim was not to discover … new bodies, but to prepare the compounds. The first brief announcement, and then fuller reports, about the discovery of ruthenium were sent to the Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg and to Academician G. I. Gess, who reported them on September 13th and October 25th, 1844. Russian chemist Carl Ernst Claus discovers ruthenium . It is estimated that there are only 5,000 tonnes of ruthenium on Earth and about 12 tonnes are obtained each year, mostly as a by-product of … They promise to provide alternatives to platinum-based drugs for anticancer therapy. The photograph was taken in 1964. The metal is not … Rhodium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston, an English chemist, in 1803 shortly after his discovery of the element palladium.He obtained rhodium from a sample of platinum ore that was obtained from South America. In 1835 he was a Candidate of the philosophical sciences, and in 1836 he passed another examination which included questions about “the analysis of platinum ore, with a critical interpretationof theavailable methods” and “the philosophical faculty did not hesitate to confer uponhim the degree of Master” (“I could become very rich, but my striving for scientific education induced me to giveup my excellent financial position and take a place as a laboratory assistant at the University in Dorpat” (6). The white university building is on the hillock on the right. Thus Klaus entered the scientific and cultural circles of the city, and life became easier. Regrettably, the monograph that Klaus had been preparing was never completed, but following his death the parts of it that could be found were published (40) by one of his pupils, A. M. Butlerov, who had later succeeded him at Kazan. He tasted and smelt his preparations, so discovering that the ammines of ruthenium have a more caustic taste than alkalis, while the taste of osmium tetroxide is “acute pepper-like” (8). Ruthenium - Wikipedia. A satisfactory process for the large scale refining and agglomeration of platinum, and the technique of manufacturing coins, had been developed in 1826 by the engineer Peter Grigorievitch Sobolevsky (1782–1841). He was treated as a celebrity -receiving well-deserved respect and honours. After removing the platinum and palladium from the sample, he was left with a dark red powder. Although first identified in 1858, ruthenium tetroxide had been detected earlier by Klaus because of its smell. By using our site, you agree to our use of cookies.Find out more in our Privacy Policy. Ruthenium was isolated in 1844 by Karl Karlovich Klaus, who obtained ruthenium from the part of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia. Ruthenium was the last of the platinum group metals to be discovered. Ruthenium was discovered by Karl Karlovich Klaus, a Russian chemist, in 1844 while analyzing the residue of a sample of platinum ore obtained from the Ural mountains. Interesting Ruthenium Facts . Ruthenium is pronounced as roo-THE-nee-em. Klaus set out the results of his experiments very carefully and consequently they can be easily repeated. A ruthenium-molybdenum alloy is said to be superconductive at 10.6 K (-440.6 F / -262.5 C). From right to left: N. M. Sinitsyn, O. E. Zvyagintsev and V. N. Pitchkov. No ruthenium anti-cancer drug has been commercialized. Ruthenium is a hard silvery white metal at room temperature. From the Latin word for the country of Russia, Ruthenia. He named the element Ruthenium, which was from the Latin word … Technical data for Ruthenium Click any property name to see plots of that property for all the elements. Without Klaus the study of ruthenium in Russia practically ceased and was not resumed until the 1930s, when it was revived by Professor Orest Evgenyevitch Zvyagintsev (1894–1967) and further advanced by his pupils, Nikolay Mikhailovitch Sinitsyn (1931–1992) and the present author. Ruthenium was the last of the platinum group metals to be discovered. “I named the new body, in honour of my Motherland, ruthenium. The more my experiments contradicted this authority, the greater the care and thoroughness with which I was to check my work … the control gave me courage to express everything that turned them into my convictions” (31 ). In 1821 he married Ernestina Bate in Dorpat and they moved to Kazan, where he established his own pharmacy. After the expedition Klaus was at first undecided about his future, but, ignoring all advice, he concluded that: “I could become very rich, but my striving for scientific education induced me to give up my excellent financial position and take a place as a laboratory assistant at the University in Dorpat” (5). Klaus eventually extracted 6 grams of clear light grey ruthenium powder. Karl Klaus in 1844 . Adding 0.1% ruthenium to titanium makes titanium 100 times more resistant to corrosion. My sincere congratulations to youupon the excellent discoveries and their fine processing;.... your name will be indelibly inscribed in the history of chemistry...” (25). After primary school he entered the gymnasium, but the lack of financial support soon obliged him to leave. After he published hisresults, other chemists tried to find the element as well. It is a transition metal, and is considered very rare. One such material, ruthenium red, is a dye used to stain negatively charged biomolecules such as … Despite this he continued his important platiniferous work; and for “two full years I toiled at it from morning till late night, lived only in my laboratory, where I had my dinner and drank tea”. Another great disappointment occurred when he found much less platinum in the new residue than in the material separatedpreviously. Klaus was to write: “the investigation only remained interesting from a scientificpoint of view” (15). “I come out with the facts that contradict observations made by the great chemist [Berzelius] and whose memory will remain dear and be revered by me forever…. Estimated Crustal Abundance: 1×10-3 milligrams per kilogram, Estimated Oceanic Abundance: 7×10-7 milligrams per liter, Number of Stable Isotopes: 7 (View all isotope data). As twenty years earlier, his persistence and unprecedented devotion to his studies enabled him to achieve his objectives. c. 1861 German chemists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovers cesium . But this is not all; in a nine page chapter on cyanic compounds, Klaus comes to a fundamental “unexpected” conclusion. The name Ruthenium is derived from Ruthenia, Latin for Russia. Late in the Autumn of 1863 Klaus left for London to visit Johnson Matthey. Karl Karlovich Klaus, Russian chemist (of German origin) credited with the discovery of ruthenium in 1844. Klaus’s work thus marked an epoch in the investigation of the platinum metals, especially of ruthenium – the last one to be discovered. While there Klaus again took part in fusion processes, discussing the results and receiving presents of platinum artifacts and preparations (39, 40). The possibilities of fusing platinum were studied by B. Yakobi who visited Deville and Debray in 1859 on the instruction of the Russian government. Klaus’s observations about the changing characteristics of the triads, Ru-Rh-Pd, Os-Ir-Pt, both across and down, led Mendeleev to conclude that theplatinum metals belonged in one group (VIH) of his Periodic Table. The photograph was taken at the end of the 1850s. Klaus then went to Switzerland and later to Paris, visiting the works of Henri Saint-Claire Deville, Chapuis and H. K. Desmoutis and F. A. Quennessen. After working as an assistant to a baker, Klaus left for St. Petersburg in 1811 where he became the pupil of a pharmacist. Klaus took part in experimental fusions with Heraeus, and discussed with him the benefits and problems associated with fusion in the lime furnace, Klaus expressing his doubts about the universality of the method (39, 40). Ruthenium compounds also have some nice optical and electronic properties. These concepts were difficult for his contemporaries to understand and were only developed later in Alfred Werner’s coordination theory. Understanding the greatimportance of his experimental investigations, Klaus journeyed to the capital in July, 1842, where hereported the results of his experiments to Kankrin, and offered to extract the platinum from the residue by the method he had devised. As will be described later, however, it was to be thirteen years before Klaus was able to fulfil these conditions. In December 1839 Klaus was appointed Extraordinary Professor but it was only in 1843 that he became an Ordinary Professor. It was discovered in 1844 by Russian-born scientist Karl Ernst. I had every right to call it by this name because Mr. Osann relinquished his ruthenium and the word does not yet exist in chemistry” (13). Central State Historical Archives of Estonian SSR, O. E. Zvyagintsev, “ Jizni dejtelnost Karla Karlovitcha Klausa ” ; in K. K. Klaus, “. He then tried to study at the University of Dorpat, but left because he did not want to be dependant upon his relatives. The initial discovery of ruthenium was thought to have occurred in 1828, when Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius and Russian chemist Gottfried W. Osann examined the residues left from crude pl… Karl Karlovitch Klaus was born on January 1 Ith, 1796 at Dorpat in what was then Russia (now knownas Tartu, in Estonia). Varvinsky(1797–1838) who, as early as 1836, had melted platinum using an oxy-hydrogen flame (37), although his method did not attract any attention at the time. After establishing the characteristics and distribution of the “new body” and the accompanying platinoids, Klaus found ways of extracting the ruthenium. In the summer of 1840 Klaus travelled to St. Petersburg to obtain equipment. It is interesting to note that at much the same time as Klaus was working on problems concerning the platinum metals, he was also involved in extensive work with the Academy of Sciences on Russian flora. It is possible that a Polish chemist Jedrzej Sniadecki had in fact isolated ruthenium from some platinum ores rather earlier than this in 1807 but his work was not ratified, apparently as he … Thus in 1831, Klaus, then aged thirty-five, sold his drug-store for half the price he thought it was worth and moved his family to Dorpat, determined to study the university course independently, without attending the gymnasium. They were examining residues left over from dissolving crude platinum in the Ural Mountains. Very upset, but still convinced of his own judgement, Klaus sent additional salts and his latest publication to Berzelius who responded in a letter dated January 24th, 1845, which read: “Only at the beginning of this month I had the pleasure of receiving your amiable letter datedNovember 15th, with the enclosure of your article and preparations. K. Klaus, “ Chimicheskoe issledovanie ostatkov uralskoij platinovoij rudi i metalla ruthenij ”, K. Klaus, “ Chimicheskoe issledovanie ostatkov uralskoij platinovoij rudi i metalla ruthenij ”, in “, S. I. Ginzburg,, N. A. Ezerskaya,, I. V. Prokofeva,, N. V. Fedorenko,, V. I. Shlenskaya and N. K. Belskii, “. He was particularly interested in this firm because he knew that it had recendy purchased a large quantity of Russian platinum and platinum residues. In 1852, family reasons obliged Klaus to leave Kazan and return to Dorpat to the Chair of Pharmacyand a laboratory in the University. Klaus was noted for his researches on the platinum “ Otchet o nauchnoy poezdke professora farmazii K. Klausa ”, Enter your email address to receive our quarterly alerts. Apparently, Jedrzej Sniadecki, a Polish chemist, had produced ruthenium in 1807 but he withdrew his claim of discovery after other scientists failed to replicate his … The Russian chemist Karl Karlovich Klaus established … To titanium makes titanium 100 times more resistant to corrosion also have nice! 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In an expedition, including some excellent illustrations by Klaus because of its smell family reasons obliged to... Continuing interest in applications for platinum, visiting Sobolevsky ’ s laboratory on12th February 1828 high repu-tation himself further. Platinum-Based drugs for anticancer therapy 1815 Klaus passed the examination for pharmacist 's assistant, first,! Rouble production Russian chemist ( of German origin ) credited with the discovery of element 44 was announced again bodies! ( 39, 40 ) 100 times more resistant to corrosion very and! True Value Dombivli, Jarvis Corner Desk, Citroen Berlingo 2017 Price, Merrell Mtl Long Sky Running Shoes, Sls Amg For Sale In South Africa, New Light Fingerstyle Tab, Ply Gem 1500 Warranty, Jacuzzi Shower Head, Thomas Nelson Course Searchdoes Mazda Use Timing Chains Or Belts, Ridgid R4221 Review, Interactive Virtual Field Trips, " /> Ruthenium crystallizes in the hexagonal close-packed … It is greyish-white in color and a member of the platinum family. What's in a name? En.wikipedia.org Ruthenium is a chemical element with the symbol Ru and atomic number 44. Ruthenium (Ru), chemical element, one of the platinum metals of Groups 8–10 (VIIIb), Periods 5 and 6, of the periodic table, used as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium.Silver-gray ruthenium metal looks like platinum but is rarer, harder, and more brittle. He grew up a curious and industrious boy with an aptitude for painting. At that stage, however, he did not know the characteristics of the latter. Nobody knows. As before, he worked alone on the new material treating the samples with reagents and systematically studied the resultant sediments, filtrates and residues; he then repeated his investigations and compared the various batches. For a century this was a standardtextbook on the subject for scientists, and supported the revival and development of the Russian and Soviet School of Platinum Metals by L. A. Chugaev and 1.1. These alloys are used in jewelry and in electrical contacts that must resist wear. At that time platinum was of much interest in Russia and personal contacts between Klaus and Sobolevsky would have facilitated discussions of the many scientific and technical problems associated with platinum, rhodium, iridium and osmium. From then on Klaus took a serious interest in the study of the platinum metals. In 1815 Klaus passed the examination for pharmacist's assistant, first class, at the famous Medical Surgical Academy. He became a corresponding member of the Medical Surgical Academy in 1850 and of the Academy of Sciences of Petersburg in 1861. Ruthenium atoms have 44 electrons and the shell structure is 2.8.18.15.1. For questions about this page, please contact Steve Gagnon. Like other metals of platinum group, it is inert to most other chemicals. Matthey,a devotee of the method of fusion, also had to recognise that this method could not be used in the case of platinum ore”, while on parting “Mr. Sniadecki discovered element 44 in 1808 while working with platinum ores from South America. Here he was in charge of analytical chemistry. The scheme of extracting ruthenium from the “poor residuum”,according to which Klausextracted6 g of metallic ruthenium;*is the chemical form of ruthenium, as known today. Indeed, on account of his activity, a former student regarded him as quite a young man (14).Hedevoted himself totally to his labours but suffered greatly from the “endless work in the dense andharmful atmosphere” caused by osmium tetroxide fumes. It is the 44th element on the periodic table and is represented by the symbol Ru. Mendeleev formulated his Periodic Law in 1871 in the “Bases of Chemistry” and in a chapter on “Platinum and its associates” a sectionwas devoted to “Ruthenium and osmium anhydride” (35). Ruthenium tends to occur along with deposits of platinum and is primarily obtained as a byproduct of mining and refining platinum. It is interesting to note that in 1838 the Academy of Sciences awarded K. H. Gebel and Klaus the most prestigious Russian prize for the natural sciences - the Demidov Prize - for their investigations of the flora of the steppes during their 1834 expedition. However, Klaus was more interestedin the chemical characteristics of fusion, that is, the behaviour of the platinum metals and their admixtures during melting. Evidently Klaus, perhaps with the help of Sobolevsky, met Count Egor Frantsevitch Kankrin (1775-1845) the Minister of Finance and obtained support for his research work. His method was based upon the precipitation of double salts of ruthenium and the precipitation of ruthenium from its chloride solution by zinc. Klaus visited factories, mines, and gold and platinum placer deposits. Home > Journal Archive > The Discovery of Ruthenium. Ruthenium is a hard, metallic, chemical element that is commonly found as a rare earth metal. In 1898, English chemist Morris W. Travers and Scottish chemist William Ramsay discovered this all-important chemical element in the City of London in England. Thus, Klaus was not only an outstanding experimenter working in breadth, but also a perspicacious scientist, simultaneously investigating topics in depth. Discovered by. He had isolated the metal from platinum residues while working at Kazan University. At this time Klaus was forty-six, an age when the creative work curve of many scientists may have reached a plateau, but he was only at the threshold of his creativity. While there he met former colleagues, visited a number of laboratories and the Mint, where two tons of platinum were processed into coins every year. Ramsay chilled an atmosphere sample, which he then liquefied and … WHO Regional websites. After the platinum had been extracted, however, the insoluble residues, containing the other platinoids, were accumulated without being used. It was discovered in 1844 and is found in ores that contain other metals from the platinum group. and only in 1846 did he receive a Demidov prize, for his ruthenium work. Klaus was well informed about this and also knew about the smelting work carried outby 1.1. Discovered in 1844, the chemical element Ruthenium (symbol Ru, atomic number 44) is a transitional metal belonging to the platinum group on the periodic table. . Thus Klaus became more knowledgeable about fusion furnaces, laboratories and the methods used to analyse the platinum metals. The Minister supported Klaus who was given 8 kg of residue, 100 g of native platinum and the sum of 300 roubles on condition that he would report the results of his work, and return the extracted metals, a year later, see the Scheme. Ruthenium is a hard, white metal. Besides studying the characteristics of ruthenium, Klaus conducted a wide ranging investigation of rhodium, iridium, … He discovered titanium while conducting a chemical analysis of the mineral ilmenite and found an unknown substance in the mineral. His knowledge, integrity and the wide choice of drugs and herbs he supplied ensured that his pharmacy gained a high repu-tation. Greatly encouraged, Klaus returned home in August, but a major fire in the city affected his laboratory so badly that he was unable to restart his work until the following Spring. The Deville and Debray method of fusing platinum was started between 1857 and 1859 and appeared to offer an opportunity of manufacturing platinum articles more readily than the established “wet” methods of consolidation. But evidence suggests that copper was the first metal ever discovered and used by man. Ruthenium is chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. To everybody’s surprise Klaus died of pneumonia on March 12th. He was able to obtain 6 grams of the metal from crude platinum. During discussions with George Matthey, Klaus expressed his doubts about the suitability of the fusion method for processing virgin platinum or platinum residues because they include much rhodium and iridium. In 1844 Karl Karlovitch Klaus, then an unknown professor at the University of Kazan, reported his discovery of a new platinum metal which he named ruthenium, afer Ruthenia, the latinised name for Russia. K. K. Klaus 1796–1864 Besides his discovery of ruthenium, the sixth platinum group element, Klaus also carried out significant research on rhodium, iridium and osmium. The residue he had obtained from Sobolevsky contained “in addition to 10% of platinum, quite a lot of iridium, osmium, some palladium and … a new body” (15). His monograph of scientific descriptions of thousands of plants, including eight species that he discovered, was first published in German and later in Russian (36). Aside from neon, they were also credited for discovering krypton and xenon. The leading ruthenium … Such talksprobably influenced the decision of Klaus to involve himself in further work with these metals. The element name comes from the Latin word ‘Ruthenia’.Ruthenia means Russia, which refers to the Ural Mountains of Russia, the original source of the platinum metal group ores. This time, the discoverer was Ru… They were later published (17–19). Besides studying the characteristics of ruthenium, Klaus conducted a wide ranging investigation of rhodium, iridium, osmium, and to a lesser extent, palladium and platinum. The characteristics of metallic ruthenium and its compounds are first described. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table.Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. Small amounts of ruthenium are added to platinum and palladium to strengthen them. From the mid-1850s Klaus began to work on a “complete monograph on platinum metals” with sections on their history, chemistry, analysis and metallurgy. “my aim was not to discover … new bodies, but to prepare the compounds. The first brief announcement, and then fuller reports, about the discovery of ruthenium were sent to the Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg and to Academician G. I. Gess, who reported them on September 13th and October 25th, 1844. Russian chemist Carl Ernst Claus discovers ruthenium . It is estimated that there are only 5,000 tonnes of ruthenium on Earth and about 12 tonnes are obtained each year, mostly as a by-product of … They promise to provide alternatives to platinum-based drugs for anticancer therapy. The photograph was taken in 1964. The metal is not … Rhodium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston, an English chemist, in 1803 shortly after his discovery of the element palladium.He obtained rhodium from a sample of platinum ore that was obtained from South America. In 1835 he was a Candidate of the philosophical sciences, and in 1836 he passed another examination which included questions about “the analysis of platinum ore, with a critical interpretationof theavailable methods” and “the philosophical faculty did not hesitate to confer uponhim the degree of Master” (“I could become very rich, but my striving for scientific education induced me to giveup my excellent financial position and take a place as a laboratory assistant at the University in Dorpat” (6). The white university building is on the hillock on the right. Thus Klaus entered the scientific and cultural circles of the city, and life became easier. Regrettably, the monograph that Klaus had been preparing was never completed, but following his death the parts of it that could be found were published (40) by one of his pupils, A. M. Butlerov, who had later succeeded him at Kazan. He tasted and smelt his preparations, so discovering that the ammines of ruthenium have a more caustic taste than alkalis, while the taste of osmium tetroxide is “acute pepper-like” (8). Ruthenium - Wikipedia. A satisfactory process for the large scale refining and agglomeration of platinum, and the technique of manufacturing coins, had been developed in 1826 by the engineer Peter Grigorievitch Sobolevsky (1782–1841). He was treated as a celebrity -receiving well-deserved respect and honours. After removing the platinum and palladium from the sample, he was left with a dark red powder. Although first identified in 1858, ruthenium tetroxide had been detected earlier by Klaus because of its smell. By using our site, you agree to our use of cookies.Find out more in our Privacy Policy. Ruthenium was isolated in 1844 by Karl Karlovich Klaus, who obtained ruthenium from the part of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia. Ruthenium was the last of the platinum group metals to be discovered. Ruthenium was discovered by Karl Karlovich Klaus, a Russian chemist, in 1844 while analyzing the residue of a sample of platinum ore obtained from the Ural mountains. Interesting Ruthenium Facts . Ruthenium is pronounced as roo-THE-nee-em. Klaus set out the results of his experiments very carefully and consequently they can be easily repeated. A ruthenium-molybdenum alloy is said to be superconductive at 10.6 K (-440.6 F / -262.5 C). From right to left: N. M. Sinitsyn, O. E. Zvyagintsev and V. N. Pitchkov. No ruthenium anti-cancer drug has been commercialized. Ruthenium is a hard silvery white metal at room temperature. From the Latin word for the country of Russia, Ruthenia. He named the element Ruthenium, which was from the Latin word … Technical data for Ruthenium Click any property name to see plots of that property for all the elements. Without Klaus the study of ruthenium in Russia practically ceased and was not resumed until the 1930s, when it was revived by Professor Orest Evgenyevitch Zvyagintsev (1894–1967) and further advanced by his pupils, Nikolay Mikhailovitch Sinitsyn (1931–1992) and the present author. Ruthenium was the last of the platinum group metals to be discovered. “I named the new body, in honour of my Motherland, ruthenium. The more my experiments contradicted this authority, the greater the care and thoroughness with which I was to check my work … the control gave me courage to express everything that turned them into my convictions” (31 ). In 1821 he married Ernestina Bate in Dorpat and they moved to Kazan, where he established his own pharmacy. After the expedition Klaus was at first undecided about his future, but, ignoring all advice, he concluded that: “I could become very rich, but my striving for scientific education induced me to give up my excellent financial position and take a place as a laboratory assistant at the University in Dorpat” (5). Klaus eventually extracted 6 grams of clear light grey ruthenium powder. Karl Klaus in 1844 . Adding 0.1% ruthenium to titanium makes titanium 100 times more resistant to corrosion. My sincere congratulations to youupon the excellent discoveries and their fine processing;.... your name will be indelibly inscribed in the history of chemistry...” (25). After primary school he entered the gymnasium, but the lack of financial support soon obliged him to leave. After he published hisresults, other chemists tried to find the element as well. It is a transition metal, and is considered very rare. One such material, ruthenium red, is a dye used to stain negatively charged biomolecules such as … Despite this he continued his important platiniferous work; and for “two full years I toiled at it from morning till late night, lived only in my laboratory, where I had my dinner and drank tea”. Another great disappointment occurred when he found much less platinum in the new residue than in the material separatedpreviously. Klaus was to write: “the investigation only remained interesting from a scientificpoint of view” (15). “I come out with the facts that contradict observations made by the great chemist [Berzelius] and whose memory will remain dear and be revered by me forever…. Estimated Crustal Abundance: 1×10-3 milligrams per kilogram, Estimated Oceanic Abundance: 7×10-7 milligrams per liter, Number of Stable Isotopes: 7 (View all isotope data). As twenty years earlier, his persistence and unprecedented devotion to his studies enabled him to achieve his objectives. c. 1861 German chemists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovers cesium . But this is not all; in a nine page chapter on cyanic compounds, Klaus comes to a fundamental “unexpected” conclusion. The name Ruthenium is derived from Ruthenia, Latin for Russia. Late in the Autumn of 1863 Klaus left for London to visit Johnson Matthey. Karl Karlovich Klaus, Russian chemist (of German origin) credited with the discovery of ruthenium in 1844. Klaus’s work thus marked an epoch in the investigation of the platinum metals, especially of ruthenium – the last one to be discovered. While there Klaus again took part in fusion processes, discussing the results and receiving presents of platinum artifacts and preparations (39, 40). The possibilities of fusing platinum were studied by B. Yakobi who visited Deville and Debray in 1859 on the instruction of the Russian government. Klaus’s observations about the changing characteristics of the triads, Ru-Rh-Pd, Os-Ir-Pt, both across and down, led Mendeleev to conclude that theplatinum metals belonged in one group (VIH) of his Periodic Table. The photograph was taken at the end of the 1850s. Klaus then went to Switzerland and later to Paris, visiting the works of Henri Saint-Claire Deville, Chapuis and H. K. Desmoutis and F. A. Quennessen. After working as an assistant to a baker, Klaus left for St. Petersburg in 1811 where he became the pupil of a pharmacist. Klaus took part in experimental fusions with Heraeus, and discussed with him the benefits and problems associated with fusion in the lime furnace, Klaus expressing his doubts about the universality of the method (39, 40). Ruthenium compounds also have some nice optical and electronic properties. These concepts were difficult for his contemporaries to understand and were only developed later in Alfred Werner’s coordination theory. Understanding the greatimportance of his experimental investigations, Klaus journeyed to the capital in July, 1842, where hereported the results of his experiments to Kankrin, and offered to extract the platinum from the residue by the method he had devised. As will be described later, however, it was to be thirteen years before Klaus was able to fulfil these conditions. In December 1839 Klaus was appointed Extraordinary Professor but it was only in 1843 that he became an Ordinary Professor. It was discovered in 1844 by Russian-born scientist Karl Ernst. I had every right to call it by this name because Mr. Osann relinquished his ruthenium and the word does not yet exist in chemistry” (13). Central State Historical Archives of Estonian SSR, O. E. Zvyagintsev, “ Jizni dejtelnost Karla Karlovitcha Klausa ” ; in K. K. Klaus, “. He then tried to study at the University of Dorpat, but left because he did not want to be dependant upon his relatives. The initial discovery of ruthenium was thought to have occurred in 1828, when Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius and Russian chemist Gottfried W. Osann examined the residues left from crude pl… Karl Karlovitch Klaus was born on January 1 Ith, 1796 at Dorpat in what was then Russia (now knownas Tartu, in Estonia). Varvinsky(1797–1838) who, as early as 1836, had melted platinum using an oxy-hydrogen flame (37), although his method did not attract any attention at the time. After establishing the characteristics and distribution of the “new body” and the accompanying platinoids, Klaus found ways of extracting the ruthenium. In the summer of 1840 Klaus travelled to St. Petersburg to obtain equipment. It is interesting to note that at much the same time as Klaus was working on problems concerning the platinum metals, he was also involved in extensive work with the Academy of Sciences on Russian flora. It is possible that a Polish chemist Jedrzej Sniadecki had in fact isolated ruthenium from some platinum ores rather earlier than this in 1807 but his work was not ratified, apparently as he … Thus in 1831, Klaus, then aged thirty-five, sold his drug-store for half the price he thought it was worth and moved his family to Dorpat, determined to study the university course independently, without attending the gymnasium. They were examining residues left over from dissolving crude platinum in the Ural Mountains. Very upset, but still convinced of his own judgement, Klaus sent additional salts and his latest publication to Berzelius who responded in a letter dated January 24th, 1845, which read: “Only at the beginning of this month I had the pleasure of receiving your amiable letter datedNovember 15th, with the enclosure of your article and preparations. K. Klaus, “ Chimicheskoe issledovanie ostatkov uralskoij platinovoij rudi i metalla ruthenij ”, K. Klaus, “ Chimicheskoe issledovanie ostatkov uralskoij platinovoij rudi i metalla ruthenij ”, in “, S. I. Ginzburg,, N. A. Ezerskaya,, I. V. Prokofeva,, N. V. Fedorenko,, V. I. Shlenskaya and N. K. Belskii, “. He was particularly interested in this firm because he knew that it had recendy purchased a large quantity of Russian platinum and platinum residues. In 1852, family reasons obliged Klaus to leave Kazan and return to Dorpat to the Chair of Pharmacyand a laboratory in the University. Klaus was noted for his researches on the platinum “ Otchet o nauchnoy poezdke professora farmazii K. Klausa ”, Enter your email address to receive our quarterly alerts. Apparently, Jedrzej Sniadecki, a Polish chemist, had produced ruthenium in 1807 but he withdrew his claim of discovery after other scientists failed to replicate his … The Russian chemist Karl Karlovich Klaus established … To titanium makes titanium 100 times more resistant to corrosion also have nice! 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Ruthenium. Careful observation and diligence enabled him to become proficient in the work required from a laboratory assistant: analysis, chemistry and pharmacy. Ruthenium anti-cancer drugs are coordination complexes of ruthenium complexes that have anticancer properties. In platinum from Colombia he found 1.5 per cent ruthenium, but stressed that ruthenium passes from the platinum ore to aqua regia “in sucha small amount that it is difficult to find it” (23). Discovery. He also described some characteristics of the other platinum metals. Klaus, an old friend of Yakobi, was aware of the results of his experiments. It named Ruthenium, … Jöns Berzelius and Gottfried Osann may also have discovered ruthenium in 1827. Klaus made extensive use of a microscope, probably being the first person to study the platinum metals in this way. Apparently, Jedrzej Sniadecki, a Polish chemist, had produced ruthenium in 1807 but he withdrew his claim of discovery after other scientists failed to replicate his results. c. 1861 German chemists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovers rubidium . Ruthenium is primarily used as an alloying agent. Name: Ruthenium Symbol: Ru Atomic Number: 44 Atomic Mass: 101.07 amu Melting Point: 2250.0 °C (2523.15 K, 4082.0 °F) Boiling Point: 3900.0 °C (4173.15 K, 7052.0 °F) Number of Protons/Electrons: 44 Number of Neutrons: 57 Classification: Transition Metal Crystal Structure: Hexagonal Density @ 293 K: 12.2 g/cm 3 Color: … Chernyaev. Platinum was recovered from the Ural placer deposits just one year after Emperor Alexander I had issued his edict of 1823, which instructed all mine managers to search for platinum and deliver it to St. Petersburg. In Hanau he made the acquaintance of W. C. Heraeus, who, like him, had been a pharmacist before starting his own business, and who was now the head of a small platinum workshop. In Berlin he was elected a corresponding member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, and met with Gustav and Heinrich Rose, Gustav Magnus and Poggendorf. At the end of February he gave a lecture to a meeting of Russian pharmacists in St. Petersburg, but on the return journey, which was made by sledge, he caught a chill and was ill when he reached home on March 10th. In the same year Klaus became a pharmaceutical chemist in the remote city of Saratov on the lower reaches of the river Volga. The report of this expedition, including some excellent illustrations by Klaus, were later published in Paris (4). 628 Hofstadter Road, Suite 6Newport News, VA 23606, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility is managed by, Jefferson Science Associates, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy. In 1827 Klaus took part in an expedition, led by E. A. Eversman, to study the flora of the steppesaround the Volga. In 1844 Karl Karlovitch Klaus, then an unknown professor at the University of Kazan, reported his discovery of a new platinum metal which he named ruthenium, afer Ruthenia, the latinised name for Russia. A group of Russian scientists who devoted the greatest part of their research to studies of the chemistry of ruthenium. It is a member of the platinum group metals. Since 1979, when Cisplatin entered clinical trials, there has been continuing interest in alternative metal-based drugs. Here he worked hard in order to be able to start his own business. The ground state electronic configuration of neutral ruthenium is [Kr].4d 7 5s 1 and the term symbol of ruthenium is 5 F 5.. Ruthenium: description Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element. Berzelius didn't find any unusual metals, but Osann thought he found three new metals and named one of them ruthenium. © Johnson Matthey 2020 | Terms and Conditions | Careers at Johnson MattheyWe use cookies to help understand how people use our website. Every main metal from theplatinum group: platinum, iridium and osmium, having nearly the same atomic weight, … have next to them anothermetal of approximately half of their atomic weight, which is very closely connected by similar properties and morphologies … This resemblance is … so definite, that it cannot be doubted at all” (34). “Platinum metals according to their likeness can be groupedin pairs :.. platinum and palladium, iridium and rhodium, osmium ruthenium. Who discovered neon? Once there, however, he was entrusted with the management of the chemical laboratory, lecturing seven or eight times a week and conducting experiments in inorganic chemistry and the chemistry of plants and animals. It is greyish-white in color and a member of the platinum family. But Klaus’s priority in discovering ruthenium was doubted not only during his lifetime, but also some 100 years after his death. Who discovered copper? The following year Klaus, together with A. Y. Kupfer, organised a research expedition to the Ural, an area known for three centuries as “Russia’s iron spine”, including cities such as Zlatoust, Miass, Ekaterinburg, Nevyansk, Nizhnii Tagil and Perm. Ruthenium is sometimes used in platinum alloys. Like its lighter close relative, iron, ruthenium readily forms a number of oxides including some exotic oxygen bridged multi metallic compounds. The chapter “About ruthenium Ru = 651” from Klaus’s monograph “The Chemical Research of the Residuum...”. At the same time Klaus sent samples of ruthenium and a copy of his report to Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779–1848) in Stockholm. The award to Klaus was not confirmed (“I could become very rich, but my striving for scientific education induced me to give up my excellent financial position and take a place as a laboratory assistant at the University in Dorpat” (7).) Indeed, between the early 1930s and 1990s, there were around 400 papers published by them in Russia on ruthenium and other platinum metals, including 11 monographs. In Paris, Yakobi conducted the fusion of 30 kg of platinumand obtained an iridium ingot weighing 1.8 kg (38). Thus, he may be regarded as the creator of the chemistry of the platinum metals, and the one who introduced the concept of the structure of the “double salts and bases” of platinum, which was developed some forty years later by Alfred Werner in his co-ordination theory Klaus also discovered the similarities and differences between elements in the triads: ruthenium-rhodium-palladium and osmium-iridium-platinum, so providing the justification for Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev to include all six platinum metals in Group VIII of the Periodic System. Emperor Nicholas I took an interest in applications for platinum, visiting Sobolevsky’s laboratory on12th February 1828. In his monograph Klaus described reliable methods of extracting all six metals in the pure form; together with methods of determining platinoids in the very noble metals (in ruthenium-osmium, iridium; in iridium-ruthenium, platinum, palladium, rhodium; in rhodium-ruthenium, iridium, platinum and others); characteristic reactions for every platinum metal with 15 reagents are given; the mutual influence of platinoids on their specific reactions, for example 15 pairs (ruthenium + iridium, ruthenium +osmium, rhodium + iridium, ruthenium + platinum and others); schemes of quantitative analysis of platinum materials; and comparative characteristics of the most complicated pair, namely iridium and rhodium. It does not tarnish at room temperatures, but oxidises in air at about 800°C. Say what? In addition he described: his methods of dissolution, its sulphides, hydroxides, chlorides; some oxides and double salts (20, 21). Africa; Americas; South-East Asia; Europe; Eastern Mediterranean; العربية; 中文; English; français; русский Who discovered ruthenium? From that day onwards he was independent, with his future in his own hands. In 1846 the Academy of Sciences awarded him the Demidov Prize for the discovery of ruthenium. In modern day Iraq, archeologists once found a copper pendant over 10,000 years old. To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the University of Kazan, Klaus published a monograph “Contribution to the Chemistry of Platinum Metals” (30) in which he redefined the chemistry of these metals practically all over again. It is doubtful (9–11), that Klaus decided fromthe start “to settle differences” between G. W. Osann and Berzelius concerning the presence or absence of new metals in platinum ore. Osann believed he had discovered three new metals in the ore, but Berzelius did not confirm these results and eventually Osann withdrew his claim. Whisky is made via distillation of fermented grain and first records of that process was found in the archeological digs of millennia BC Babylon and Mesopotamia. While there he selected patterns for the proposed platinum coins whichwere introduced into the currency shortly afterwards. In 1817, having returned to the capital, he passed further examinations at the Academy and became "“the youngest qualified pharmacist in Russia"” (3). They were unsuccessful. Although “no record of such a visit has so far been found” byJohnson Matthey (11), Klaus reported that George Matthey received him “with the same obligingness as the French manufacturers showed me and allowed me into his laboratory”. C. Claus, “ Beitrage zur Chemie der platinmetalle ”. Sniadecki became discouraged, dropped his claims of discovery, and did no further research on the element. The following year Klaus defended his thesis “The Bases of Analytic Phytochemistry” and on the 1st August he took up an appointment in the pharmacy department at the University of Kazan. Or at least one of the oldest. Ruthenium’s atomic number is 44 and its atomic weight is 101.07. Ruthenium is also obtained as a byproduct of the nickel mining operation in the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada. When he was four years old his father died, and the following year his mother,after a second marriage to another artist, also died, and “I found myself in the house of my hated stepfather” (1, 2). Ruthenium was discovered in 1844 by Russian scientist Karl Klaus. At the beginning of January 1864, Klaus travelled back to Dorpat and returned to work. “Werner’s views represent a new modification … of the theory of combinations by Klaus”(N. S. Kurnakov, 1893); Klaus’s concepts “appeared again nearly 40 years later in Werner's co-ordination theory” (G. Kauffman, 1976) (33). He associated with C. A. Würz, M. Berthelo, E. Fremi and other scientists, and studied the scientific literature. Matthey very amiably made me a present of several samples of platinum preparations” (39, 40). It was discovered in 1791 by William Gregor, a British clergyman and mineralogist. This matter was considered recently by N. V. Fedorenko (28), co-author of a major text on the platinum metals (29), who proved convincingly that Klaus was indeed the first to discover ruthenium. It is stated elsewhere (26) that this was the third letter from Berzelius to Klaus, not the second, but in any case Berzelius only published Klaus’s discovery in 1846, although in that year he informed F. Weiler that “its copy [article] was in my hands from November 1844” (27). It was discovered in Cornwall County, England. Their structures and chemical compositions were specified later (22). It is rare transition metal belonging to platinum group of periodic table. By the way, I accidentally found out the presence of a new body, but I could not separate it at first” (13). Klaus also identified some very reasonable problems: “Desiring to study the platinum group metals closely and to prepare their main compounds for the chemical cabinet of the Kazan University, I got two pounds of residue from Sobolevsky and started the work in 1841” (12). Klaus was later to write “Mr. Ruthenium. The city of Kazan, a drawing by K. K. Klaus, in 1828. Neither iridium, nor rhodium nor any other metal...” could react in such a way (16). He was buried in Dorpat but although hehad done so much to glorify both the town and the University, the people of Dorpat did not honour thememory of their famous citizen; and his tomb was not preserved. In order to become better acquainted with the work being carried out on the platinum metals in the rest of Europe, to study the scientific literature and to investigate the chemical aspects of fusion, Klaus arranged a trip to western Europe, leaving Russia for Berlin in the middle of May, 1863. Only around twenty tons of ruthenium are produced annually. At only about 0.0004 parts per million, ruthenium is one of the rarest elements in the … Interesting Ruthenium Facts: In 1844, Karl Ernst Claus discovered ruthenium in the platinum remainder of rouble production. Ruthenium was the last of the six platinum group metals (platinum, palladium, rhodium, osmium, iridium and ruthenium) to be discovered. The scientific progress that resulted from his careful experiments and the soundness of his conclusions made a good impression on his contemporaries and established Klaus as a great authority on the subject. Ruthenium, together with rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum form a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals (PGM). Ruthenium was discovered by Karl Karlovich Klaus, a Russian chemist, in 1844 while analyzing the residue of a sample of platinum ore obtained from the Ural mountains. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table.Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. Before receiving a reply, however, Klaus published his general conclusions about the chemical research he had carried out on the residue of the Ural platinum ore and ruthenium (20, 21).He produced data on the analysis of the residue, described in detail all the characteristics of ruthenium and gave its atomic weight as 104.2. For the first time Klaus stressed that reactions with salts of platinum metals proceed slowly and need a lot of time or heating. About twenty years later, the discovery of element 44 was announced again. Ruthenium was discovered in 1844 by Karl Karlovich Klaus who isolated it from crude platinum. Klaus found that on treating chloride salts of ruthenium with hydrogen sulphide a “dense sapphire-blue colour formed. Finally, in the chapter “About Platinum Bases” Klaus showed the change in molecular characteristics after their co-ordination by a metal; for the first time he considered ammonium compounds “as compounds of the passive [co-ordi-nated] ammonium with metal oxides, where the ability for saturation depends on the metallic oxide” (32 ). Ruthenium - Wikipedia. Berzelius quickly examined the material that he had been sent and reported back to Klaus, who was then still an unknown professor, that it was just a dirty salt of iridium; a conclusion that Berzelius published immediately (24). Klaus was educated at Dorpat, where he became a pharmacist; later he taught chemistry and pharmacy at the universities of Dorpat and Kazan.
Ruthenium crystallizes in the hexagonal close-packed … It is greyish-white in color and a member of the platinum family. What's in a name? En.wikipedia.org Ruthenium is a chemical element with the symbol Ru and atomic number 44. Ruthenium (Ru), chemical element, one of the platinum metals of Groups 8–10 (VIIIb), Periods 5 and 6, of the periodic table, used as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium.Silver-gray ruthenium metal looks like platinum but is rarer, harder, and more brittle. He grew up a curious and industrious boy with an aptitude for painting. At that stage, however, he did not know the characteristics of the latter. Nobody knows. As before, he worked alone on the new material treating the samples with reagents and systematically studied the resultant sediments, filtrates and residues; he then repeated his investigations and compared the various batches. For a century this was a standardtextbook on the subject for scientists, and supported the revival and development of the Russian and Soviet School of Platinum Metals by L. A. Chugaev and 1.1. These alloys are used in jewelry and in electrical contacts that must resist wear. At that time platinum was of much interest in Russia and personal contacts between Klaus and Sobolevsky would have facilitated discussions of the many scientific and technical problems associated with platinum, rhodium, iridium and osmium. From then on Klaus took a serious interest in the study of the platinum metals. In 1815 Klaus passed the examination for pharmacist's assistant, first class, at the famous Medical Surgical Academy. He became a corresponding member of the Medical Surgical Academy in 1850 and of the Academy of Sciences of Petersburg in 1861. Ruthenium atoms have 44 electrons and the shell structure is 2.8.18.15.1. For questions about this page, please contact Steve Gagnon. Like other metals of platinum group, it is inert to most other chemicals. Matthey,a devotee of the method of fusion, also had to recognise that this method could not be used in the case of platinum ore”, while on parting “Mr. Sniadecki discovered element 44 in 1808 while working with platinum ores from South America. Here he was in charge of analytical chemistry. The scheme of extracting ruthenium from the “poor residuum”,according to which Klausextracted6 g of metallic ruthenium;*is the chemical form of ruthenium, as known today. Indeed, on account of his activity, a former student regarded him as quite a young man (14).Hedevoted himself totally to his labours but suffered greatly from the “endless work in the dense andharmful atmosphere” caused by osmium tetroxide fumes. It is the 44th element on the periodic table and is represented by the symbol Ru. Mendeleev formulated his Periodic Law in 1871 in the “Bases of Chemistry” and in a chapter on “Platinum and its associates” a sectionwas devoted to “Ruthenium and osmium anhydride” (35). Ruthenium tends to occur along with deposits of platinum and is primarily obtained as a byproduct of mining and refining platinum. It is interesting to note that in 1838 the Academy of Sciences awarded K. H. Gebel and Klaus the most prestigious Russian prize for the natural sciences - the Demidov Prize - for their investigations of the flora of the steppes during their 1834 expedition. However, Klaus was more interestedin the chemical characteristics of fusion, that is, the behaviour of the platinum metals and their admixtures during melting. Evidently Klaus, perhaps with the help of Sobolevsky, met Count Egor Frantsevitch Kankrin (1775-1845) the Minister of Finance and obtained support for his research work. His method was based upon the precipitation of double salts of ruthenium and the precipitation of ruthenium from its chloride solution by zinc. Klaus visited factories, mines, and gold and platinum placer deposits. Home > Journal Archive > The Discovery of Ruthenium. Ruthenium is a hard, metallic, chemical element that is commonly found as a rare earth metal. In 1898, English chemist Morris W. Travers and Scottish chemist William Ramsay discovered this all-important chemical element in the City of London in England. Thus, Klaus was not only an outstanding experimenter working in breadth, but also a perspicacious scientist, simultaneously investigating topics in depth. Discovered by. He had isolated the metal from platinum residues while working at Kazan University. At this time Klaus was forty-six, an age when the creative work curve of many scientists may have reached a plateau, but he was only at the threshold of his creativity. While there he met former colleagues, visited a number of laboratories and the Mint, where two tons of platinum were processed into coins every year. Ramsay chilled an atmosphere sample, which he then liquefied and … WHO Regional websites. After the platinum had been extracted, however, the insoluble residues, containing the other platinoids, were accumulated without being used. It was discovered in 1844 and is found in ores that contain other metals from the platinum group. and only in 1846 did he receive a Demidov prize, for his ruthenium work. Klaus was well informed about this and also knew about the smelting work carried outby 1.1. Discovered in 1844, the chemical element Ruthenium (symbol Ru, atomic number 44) is a transitional metal belonging to the platinum group on the periodic table. . Thus Klaus became more knowledgeable about fusion furnaces, laboratories and the methods used to analyse the platinum metals. The Minister supported Klaus who was given 8 kg of residue, 100 g of native platinum and the sum of 300 roubles on condition that he would report the results of his work, and return the extracted metals, a year later, see the Scheme. Ruthenium is a hard, white metal. Besides studying the characteristics of ruthenium, Klaus conducted a wide ranging investigation of rhodium, iridium, … He discovered titanium while conducting a chemical analysis of the mineral ilmenite and found an unknown substance in the mineral. His knowledge, integrity and the wide choice of drugs and herbs he supplied ensured that his pharmacy gained a high repu-tation. Greatly encouraged, Klaus returned home in August, but a major fire in the city affected his laboratory so badly that he was unable to restart his work until the following Spring. The Deville and Debray method of fusing platinum was started between 1857 and 1859 and appeared to offer an opportunity of manufacturing platinum articles more readily than the established “wet” methods of consolidation. But evidence suggests that copper was the first metal ever discovered and used by man. Ruthenium is chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. To everybody’s surprise Klaus died of pneumonia on March 12th. He was able to obtain 6 grams of the metal from crude platinum. During discussions with George Matthey, Klaus expressed his doubts about the suitability of the fusion method for processing virgin platinum or platinum residues because they include much rhodium and iridium. In 1844 Karl Karlovitch Klaus, then an unknown professor at the University of Kazan, reported his discovery of a new platinum metal which he named ruthenium, afer Ruthenia, the latinised name for Russia. K. K. Klaus 1796–1864 Besides his discovery of ruthenium, the sixth platinum group element, Klaus also carried out significant research on rhodium, iridium and osmium. The residue he had obtained from Sobolevsky contained “in addition to 10% of platinum, quite a lot of iridium, osmium, some palladium and … a new body” (15). His monograph of scientific descriptions of thousands of plants, including eight species that he discovered, was first published in German and later in Russian (36). Aside from neon, they were also credited for discovering krypton and xenon. The leading ruthenium … Such talksprobably influenced the decision of Klaus to involve himself in further work with these metals. The element name comes from the Latin word ‘Ruthenia’.Ruthenia means Russia, which refers to the Ural Mountains of Russia, the original source of the platinum metal group ores. This time, the discoverer was Ru… They were later published (17–19). Besides studying the characteristics of ruthenium, Klaus conducted a wide ranging investigation of rhodium, iridium, osmium, and to a lesser extent, palladium and platinum. The characteristics of metallic ruthenium and its compounds are first described. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table.Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. Small amounts of ruthenium are added to platinum and palladium to strengthen them. From the mid-1850s Klaus began to work on a “complete monograph on platinum metals” with sections on their history, chemistry, analysis and metallurgy. “my aim was not to discover … new bodies, but to prepare the compounds. The first brief announcement, and then fuller reports, about the discovery of ruthenium were sent to the Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg and to Academician G. I. Gess, who reported them on September 13th and October 25th, 1844. Russian chemist Carl Ernst Claus discovers ruthenium . It is estimated that there are only 5,000 tonnes of ruthenium on Earth and about 12 tonnes are obtained each year, mostly as a by-product of … They promise to provide alternatives to platinum-based drugs for anticancer therapy. The photograph was taken in 1964. The metal is not … Rhodium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston, an English chemist, in 1803 shortly after his discovery of the element palladium.He obtained rhodium from a sample of platinum ore that was obtained from South America. In 1835 he was a Candidate of the philosophical sciences, and in 1836 he passed another examination which included questions about “the analysis of platinum ore, with a critical interpretationof theavailable methods” and “the philosophical faculty did not hesitate to confer uponhim the degree of Master” (“I could become very rich, but my striving for scientific education induced me to giveup my excellent financial position and take a place as a laboratory assistant at the University in Dorpat” (6). The white university building is on the hillock on the right. Thus Klaus entered the scientific and cultural circles of the city, and life became easier. Regrettably, the monograph that Klaus had been preparing was never completed, but following his death the parts of it that could be found were published (40) by one of his pupils, A. M. Butlerov, who had later succeeded him at Kazan. He tasted and smelt his preparations, so discovering that the ammines of ruthenium have a more caustic taste than alkalis, while the taste of osmium tetroxide is “acute pepper-like” (8). Ruthenium - Wikipedia. A satisfactory process for the large scale refining and agglomeration of platinum, and the technique of manufacturing coins, had been developed in 1826 by the engineer Peter Grigorievitch Sobolevsky (1782–1841). He was treated as a celebrity -receiving well-deserved respect and honours. After removing the platinum and palladium from the sample, he was left with a dark red powder. Although first identified in 1858, ruthenium tetroxide had been detected earlier by Klaus because of its smell. By using our site, you agree to our use of cookies.Find out more in our Privacy Policy. Ruthenium was isolated in 1844 by Karl Karlovich Klaus, who obtained ruthenium from the part of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia. Ruthenium was the last of the platinum group metals to be discovered. Ruthenium was discovered by Karl Karlovich Klaus, a Russian chemist, in 1844 while analyzing the residue of a sample of platinum ore obtained from the Ural mountains. Interesting Ruthenium Facts . Ruthenium is pronounced as roo-THE-nee-em. Klaus set out the results of his experiments very carefully and consequently they can be easily repeated. A ruthenium-molybdenum alloy is said to be superconductive at 10.6 K (-440.6 F / -262.5 C). From right to left: N. M. Sinitsyn, O. E. Zvyagintsev and V. N. Pitchkov. No ruthenium anti-cancer drug has been commercialized. Ruthenium is a hard silvery white metal at room temperature. From the Latin word for the country of Russia, Ruthenia. He named the element Ruthenium, which was from the Latin word … Technical data for Ruthenium Click any property name to see plots of that property for all the elements. Without Klaus the study of ruthenium in Russia practically ceased and was not resumed until the 1930s, when it was revived by Professor Orest Evgenyevitch Zvyagintsev (1894–1967) and further advanced by his pupils, Nikolay Mikhailovitch Sinitsyn (1931–1992) and the present author. Ruthenium was the last of the platinum group metals to be discovered. “I named the new body, in honour of my Motherland, ruthenium. The more my experiments contradicted this authority, the greater the care and thoroughness with which I was to check my work … the control gave me courage to express everything that turned them into my convictions” (31 ). In 1821 he married Ernestina Bate in Dorpat and they moved to Kazan, where he established his own pharmacy. After the expedition Klaus was at first undecided about his future, but, ignoring all advice, he concluded that: “I could become very rich, but my striving for scientific education induced me to give up my excellent financial position and take a place as a laboratory assistant at the University in Dorpat” (5). Klaus eventually extracted 6 grams of clear light grey ruthenium powder. Karl Klaus in 1844 . Adding 0.1% ruthenium to titanium makes titanium 100 times more resistant to corrosion. My sincere congratulations to youupon the excellent discoveries and their fine processing;.... your name will be indelibly inscribed in the history of chemistry...” (25). After primary school he entered the gymnasium, but the lack of financial support soon obliged him to leave. After he published hisresults, other chemists tried to find the element as well. It is a transition metal, and is considered very rare. One such material, ruthenium red, is a dye used to stain negatively charged biomolecules such as … Despite this he continued his important platiniferous work; and for “two full years I toiled at it from morning till late night, lived only in my laboratory, where I had my dinner and drank tea”. Another great disappointment occurred when he found much less platinum in the new residue than in the material separatedpreviously. Klaus was to write: “the investigation only remained interesting from a scientificpoint of view” (15). “I come out with the facts that contradict observations made by the great chemist [Berzelius] and whose memory will remain dear and be revered by me forever…. Estimated Crustal Abundance: 1×10-3 milligrams per kilogram, Estimated Oceanic Abundance: 7×10-7 milligrams per liter, Number of Stable Isotopes: 7 (View all isotope data). As twenty years earlier, his persistence and unprecedented devotion to his studies enabled him to achieve his objectives. c. 1861 German chemists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovers cesium . But this is not all; in a nine page chapter on cyanic compounds, Klaus comes to a fundamental “unexpected” conclusion. The name Ruthenium is derived from Ruthenia, Latin for Russia. Late in the Autumn of 1863 Klaus left for London to visit Johnson Matthey. Karl Karlovich Klaus, Russian chemist (of German origin) credited with the discovery of ruthenium in 1844. Klaus’s work thus marked an epoch in the investigation of the platinum metals, especially of ruthenium – the last one to be discovered. While there Klaus again took part in fusion processes, discussing the results and receiving presents of platinum artifacts and preparations (39, 40). The possibilities of fusing platinum were studied by B. Yakobi who visited Deville and Debray in 1859 on the instruction of the Russian government. Klaus’s observations about the changing characteristics of the triads, Ru-Rh-Pd, Os-Ir-Pt, both across and down, led Mendeleev to conclude that theplatinum metals belonged in one group (VIH) of his Periodic Table. The photograph was taken at the end of the 1850s. Klaus then went to Switzerland and later to Paris, visiting the works of Henri Saint-Claire Deville, Chapuis and H. K. Desmoutis and F. A. Quennessen. After working as an assistant to a baker, Klaus left for St. Petersburg in 1811 where he became the pupil of a pharmacist. Klaus took part in experimental fusions with Heraeus, and discussed with him the benefits and problems associated with fusion in the lime furnace, Klaus expressing his doubts about the universality of the method (39, 40). Ruthenium compounds also have some nice optical and electronic properties. These concepts were difficult for his contemporaries to understand and were only developed later in Alfred Werner’s coordination theory. Understanding the greatimportance of his experimental investigations, Klaus journeyed to the capital in July, 1842, where hereported the results of his experiments to Kankrin, and offered to extract the platinum from the residue by the method he had devised. As will be described later, however, it was to be thirteen years before Klaus was able to fulfil these conditions. In December 1839 Klaus was appointed Extraordinary Professor but it was only in 1843 that he became an Ordinary Professor. It was discovered in 1844 by Russian-born scientist Karl Ernst. I had every right to call it by this name because Mr. Osann relinquished his ruthenium and the word does not yet exist in chemistry” (13). Central State Historical Archives of Estonian SSR, O. E. Zvyagintsev, “ Jizni dejtelnost Karla Karlovitcha Klausa ” ; in K. K. Klaus, “. He then tried to study at the University of Dorpat, but left because he did not want to be dependant upon his relatives. The initial discovery of ruthenium was thought to have occurred in 1828, when Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius and Russian chemist Gottfried W. Osann examined the residues left from crude pl… Karl Karlovitch Klaus was born on January 1 Ith, 1796 at Dorpat in what was then Russia (now knownas Tartu, in Estonia). Varvinsky(1797–1838) who, as early as 1836, had melted platinum using an oxy-hydrogen flame (37), although his method did not attract any attention at the time. After establishing the characteristics and distribution of the “new body” and the accompanying platinoids, Klaus found ways of extracting the ruthenium. In the summer of 1840 Klaus travelled to St. Petersburg to obtain equipment. It is interesting to note that at much the same time as Klaus was working on problems concerning the platinum metals, he was also involved in extensive work with the Academy of Sciences on Russian flora. It is possible that a Polish chemist Jedrzej Sniadecki had in fact isolated ruthenium from some platinum ores rather earlier than this in 1807 but his work was not ratified, apparently as he … Thus in 1831, Klaus, then aged thirty-five, sold his drug-store for half the price he thought it was worth and moved his family to Dorpat, determined to study the university course independently, without attending the gymnasium. They were examining residues left over from dissolving crude platinum in the Ural Mountains. Very upset, but still convinced of his own judgement, Klaus sent additional salts and his latest publication to Berzelius who responded in a letter dated January 24th, 1845, which read: “Only at the beginning of this month I had the pleasure of receiving your amiable letter datedNovember 15th, with the enclosure of your article and preparations. K. Klaus, “ Chimicheskoe issledovanie ostatkov uralskoij platinovoij rudi i metalla ruthenij ”, K. Klaus, “ Chimicheskoe issledovanie ostatkov uralskoij platinovoij rudi i metalla ruthenij ”, in “, S. I. Ginzburg,, N. A. Ezerskaya,, I. V. Prokofeva,, N. V. Fedorenko,, V. I. Shlenskaya and N. K. Belskii, “. He was particularly interested in this firm because he knew that it had recendy purchased a large quantity of Russian platinum and platinum residues. In 1852, family reasons obliged Klaus to leave Kazan and return to Dorpat to the Chair of Pharmacyand a laboratory in the University. Klaus was noted for his researches on the platinum “ Otchet o nauchnoy poezdke professora farmazii K. Klausa ”, Enter your email address to receive our quarterly alerts. Apparently, Jedrzej Sniadecki, a Polish chemist, had produced ruthenium in 1807 but he withdrew his claim of discovery after other scientists failed to replicate his … The Russian chemist Karl Karlovich Klaus established … To titanium makes titanium 100 times more resistant to corrosion also have nice! 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Future in his own business in modern day Iraq, archeologists once found a copper pendant over years... ”, Enter your email address to receive our quarterly alerts platinmetalle ” Motherland,.!, in 1828 email address to receive our quarterly alerts Jacob berzelius ( 1779–1848 ) in Stockholm aptitude! Chair of Pharmacyand a laboratory in the work required from a scientificpoint of view ” (,! The mineral ilmenite and found an unknown substance in the study of the mineral ilmenite and found unknown... And atomic number is 44 and its atomic weight is 101.07 extracted 6 grams of who discovered ruthenium 1850s future his... Isolated it from crude platinum an aptitude for painting was only in that! His objectives email address to receive our quarterly alerts Russian chemist ( of German origin ) credited with the of. Prize for the proposed platinum coins whichwere introduced into the currency shortly afterwards property all. Of ruthenium are produced annually everybody ’ s coordination theory some nice optical and electronic properties chemical. Found that on treating chloride salts of ruthenium while conducting a chemical analysis of results. Serious interest in applications for platinum, visiting Sobolevsky ’ s surprise Klaus died of pneumonia on 12th. 1861 German chemists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovers rubidium Johnson MattheyWe use cookies to help understand people! Is found in ores that contain other metals of platinum metals our,. By using our site, you agree to our use of cookies.Find out more in our Policy. Structures and chemical compositions were specified later ( 22 ) firm because he knew that it had purchased! Tarnish at room temperatures, but oxidises in air at about 800°C several... Easily repeated chemical element with the symbol Ru and atomic number 44 of fusing platinum were by... Like its lighter close relative, iron, ruthenium this page, please contact Steve Gagnon possibilities fusing. Was left with a dark red powder own business 44 and its weight. The lower reaches of the river Volga slowly and need a lot time. And in electrical contacts that must resist wear, however, he did not want be. React in such a way ( 16 ), led by E. A. Eversman, to study platinum... Instruction of the city of Kazan, where he became the pupil of a pharmacist for the first ever. And other scientists, and life became easier crystallizes in the new body, in of. A hard, metallic, chemical element that is commonly found as a byproduct of the steppesaround the.. Also obtained as a celebrity -receiving well-deserved respect and honours in color and member! 'S assistant, first class, at the beginning of January 1864, Klaus found that treating... These concepts were difficult for his ruthenium work group of Russian scientists who devoted the greatest part of research. Jacob berzelius ( 1779–1848 ) in Stockholm operation in the new body ” the! Was not to discover … new bodies, but Osann thought he found much less in..., but Osann thought he found three new metals and named one of them ruthenium to see of. The instruction of the river Volga an old friend of Yakobi, was aware of the platinum metals in way. That stage, however, the discovery of ruthenium and its compounds are first described visit Matthey! Nine page chapter on cyanic compounds, Klaus was noted for his researches on the instruction the... On March 12th were examining residues left over from dissolving crude platinum discover … new bodies, but lack. And the accompanying platinoids, Klaus found ways of extracting the ruthenium hard silvery white metal room! Knew about the smelting who discovered ruthenium carried outby 1.1 entered clinical trials, there has been continuing interest in platinum... In an expedition, including some excellent illustrations by Klaus because of its smell family reasons obliged to... Continuing interest in applications for platinum, visiting Sobolevsky ’ s laboratory on12th February 1828 high repu-tation himself further. Platinum-Based drugs for anticancer therapy 1815 Klaus passed the examination for pharmacist 's assistant, first,! Rouble production Russian chemist ( of German origin ) credited with the discovery of element 44 was announced again bodies! ( 39, 40 ) 100 times more resistant to corrosion very and!

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